Air pollutionWhat is (Taikiosen)?atmosphereInFine particlesOr harmfulgasThe ingredients have increased,People OfHealth,EnvironmentHave a negative effect on. HumanEconomyTarget社会Activity is the main cause. Occurs naturallyVolcanoeruption,Sandstorm,Forest fireEtc., but naturally derived substances may not be included in air pollution.^[1][2].

Overview

International Energy AgencyAccording to the (IEA), 2016 million people die annually from air pollution as of 650^[3].. EspeciallycityThe pollution is getting worse mainly inEconomic Cooperation Development Organization(OECD) in 2012, “In 2050 there will be deaths from air pollution.Water pollutionBeyond the dead byEnvironmental deteriorationWill be the biggest cause of deaths due to^[4].

whoA May 2018, 5 (WHO) statement estimates that about 2% of the world's population live in polluted atmospheres, resulting in 90 million deaths annually^[5].

Note that air pollution mainly refers to air pollution outdoors. Atmosphere in the room (空 気) Pollution is "Air quality"Air pollution" "air quality (air quality) deterioration". In developing countriesfirewoodWhile indoor pollution is far higher than outdoor pollution due to the large number of uses,^[6]In urban areas, outdoor pollution due to urbanization is added to this.^[4].firewoodAs of 2016, 350 million people were killed due to indoor pollution due to^[7].

History

The manifestation of air pollution

The oldest literature on air pollution is:AD61/AncientRome Ofセ ネ カIn the city煙There is a description that lamented the stench^[8][9].

United Kingdom OfUKThen.9st centuryThe "bad air" was already known in the middle. Industrial and household developmentheating OffuelAscoalDue to the increase in the use of1273/As a health hazardcoalProhibited.1306/Banned craftsmen from burning coal in furnaces. However, it did not last long because there was no alternative fuel, and became more serious as the city grew and the population increased.16st centuryIsInfection,Big fireAt the same time, air pollution became a big problem. Queen at the timeElizabeth IIHas issued an order banning burning coal in London during the parliament.Also,17st centuryKing of the second halfWilliam IIAvoiding air pollution in downtown London,SuburbMetKensington PalaceContamination continued, such as moving to^{[2][8][9][11]}.

In London19st centuryWhen entering, air pollution became so serious that the "increased number of fatalities" was announced during periods of severe pollution.1905/The doctor HA De Bo is a smog (combined smoke and fog) against London air pollution.smog) Was used for the first time^[2].. The following are examples of large-scale air pollution in the world from the first half of the 20th century.

• 1910 era Of1910/から1920/ OfUKThen in the citySootThe amount of descent is 1km²200 tons per year (1m per day²Per 0.6gEquivalent to)^[2].
• March 1930 Belgium OfRiver maasAlong the town Engis(English)so,工場The pollution caused by exhausted smog caused a health hazard, killing 10 people, which is 60 times the normal number of deaths.家畜Also damaged birds and plants^[2][11][12]. ((English edition））
• From around 1944 The United States of AmericaLos AngelesSo my eyes, my nose,AirwaySuch asMucosaAir pollution has started to occur due to "white smog" with persistent and repetitive stimuli. At first I was not sure what the causative agent was, but laterPhotochemical oxidantIt turned out to be due to. Los angelesbasinPollutants are likely to stay in the terrain,(I.e.In the summer of 1951 when the wind was weak, about 400 elderly people died. Measures are being taken, but they have continued since the beginning of the 21st century^[2][11].
• October 1948 AmericanPennsylvaniaDonora(Donora), pollution from factory exhausts occurred, 14000% of the 43 people were seriously injured and 18 died. Later, it was analyzed that the persistent windless condition and the valley-like terrain along the river caused contaminants to accumulate and damage to be increased.^[2][11]. ((English edition））
• March 1950 Mexico OfVeracruzPoza Rica(Poza Rica), a large amount ofHydrogen sulfideGas leaked killing 22000 of the 22 inhabitants. Later, there was a weak wind in the basin(I.e.It has been analyzed that the occurrence of^[2][11].
• December 1952 in LondonSulfur dioxideThick smog rich in (sulfurous acid gas) stagnated for five days, killing about 5 people. With this as a trigger, the Air Purification Law was enacted in England.^[2][11].. A similar large smog occurred in January 1962, killing hundreds of people.^[2]. (London smog）
• September 1984-12, 2 India OfMadhya PradeshBhopalAt a chemical plant inMethyl isocyanateA total of 2 tons spilled over about 40 hours, and the wind caused it to flow into the city and stagnant, causing health hazards to residents. The death toll is estimated to be 14,000 to 20,000 and the number of victims to be 35 to 40, with 4,000 livestock cattle dead and sequelae reported. The damage was magnified by the fact that the specific gravity of the pollutants was heavy, the air mix was low at midnight, and the residents could not evacuate due to the lack of appropriate measures.^[13]. (Bhopal chemical plant accident）
• 2013/From January 1th,People's Republic of ChinaThe capital ofBeijingCentered onNorth ChinaHigh-concentration pollution (smog) occurred in a wide area of ​​and continued for three weeks until the beginning of February. During the week when the pollution was the worst,North ChinaからZhongyuanさ ら にEast ChinaThroughKumo KogenThe outbreak of high-concentration pollution (smog) was confirmed in about one-third of the country (which is said to be one-quarter in a later announcement), and on January 3, about half of the 1 major cities in China. soAir quality indexReached the worst "serious pollution" level^[14][15].
• January 2018, 1 A PM30 concentration of 3,320 ㎍/㎥ (133 times the international standard set by WHO) was observed in Ulaanbaatar, the capital of Mongolia. In recent years, in Mongolia,Air pollution becomes more seriousAnd pneumonia is prevalent among children^[16].

Research and coping progress

It was only in the 20th century that research on air pollution progressed. As a prominent research,Urban climateDiscussing air pollution in the world (A. Clazzer(en), 1937, Germany), discussing the relationship between coal consumption in industrial areas and cities and air pollution and dust (CEP Brooks, 1950), and examining and comparing air pollution in and around parks in London ( CWK Wayne Wright, 1962), with air pollutionLand use planning(RE Man, 1959). The knowledge gathered through these advances to legislation and prediction of air pollution^[8].

JapanThen,High economic growthIn the 1960s of the period, research progressed as air pollution increased. As an early prominent studyTokyo-(I.e.There is a research by Ito and Minowa who described the air pollution of, and both authors wrote "Air pollution meteorological handbook" in 1965 based on this. In 1966, the academic journal "Air Pollution Research" (currentJournal of Atmospheric Environment Society) Has been published. From around this time, systematic research led by the government such as the national and local governments became active.^[8].. Enacted and enforced in 1967Basic Law for Pollution ControlAt "Typical SevenPollutionAir pollution regulation was started as one of theBasic Environmental LawWas inherited by. In 1968Air Pollution Control LawHas been established.

ChugokuResearch began in the 1980s, and in 2001Air qualityTV broadcasting of forecast has started^[8].

Industrial revolutionSince then, the main fuel has beencoalAnd, there was much air pollution due to "black smog," which contained a lot of soot and smoke associated with the combustion of coal. To address this, soot emissions were regulated. Since the airflow was stable and easy to diffuse as the soot was sent to the sky, measures were taken to raise the chimney in the early stages of regulation. For example, in Japan, the number of stack chimneys that increased in height from around 1970, the early stage of air pollution control measures, has increased. However, this was not an essential solution, it merely reduced the concentration on the ground near the source and diffused the pollution. Later, a device for collecting soot was developed and popularized,Exhaust gas treatmentAdvances^[2][8].

Diversification of pollution and pollution of white smog and photochemical smog

on the other hand,Developed countrySo from the middle of the 20th century, the main fuel is coal that produces a lot of sootoilWas replaced by. The amount of soot was reduced by this, but it was derived from the sulfur content in the oil.Sulfur oxides, Again emitted from the carNitrogen oxide-hydrocarbon, Nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons cause chemical changesPhotochemical oxidant"White smog" containing a lot of these became the center of air pollution^[2][8].

Sulfur dioxideAs a measure against, recover sulfur contentDesulfurizationDevelopment and popularization of the device were promoted. In Japan, the desulfurization equipment has been installed since around 1970,TokyoSulfur dioxide concentration of about 1960 in the latter half of the 60sppbFrom 1970 to 1985, it decreased to about one-fifth, and it became about 5 ppb in the early 1s. Also in Americaニ ュ ー ヨ ー クHowever, it has decreased to about 1960/80 of the most common period in 1990-11 years, such as decreasing from about 20 ppb in the late 30s to about 6 ppb in the early 1s.^[2][8].. Also in the USAir Purification LawSulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and mercury in the 1990 revision ofEmissions tradingA system has been introduced to help reduce total emissions^[17].

In this way, soot and sulfur oxides were reduced in developed countries, but next is white smog containing a large amount of photochemical oxidant, the so-called "Photochemical smogWas a problem. It first occurred in 1970 in Japan. Nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons that cause photochemical oxidants have not been reduced significantly even in developed countries.^[2][8].

In developed countries, where pollution causing short-term health hazards has decreased, interest in long-term health effects has increased,Volatile organic compoundsSuch as harmfulChemical substanceBecame a problem. These have also been regulated and the health effects are still being evaluated.^[2][8][18].

on the other hand,Greenhouse gasbyGlobal warming,FreonDue toozone layerDestruction of global air pollution (Global environmental problems).

Also, although the full picture of the damage was not revealed, in the 1950s and 1960sAtmospheric nuclear testOn a global scaleFalloutConcentration of (falling matterradioactivity) Has risen. After that, it declined and almost disappeared in the 1990s^[19].

High pollution risk in developing countries and cross-border pollution problem

In developing countries, air pollution mainly from soot and sulfur dioxide, which has been successfully reduced in developed countries, is still seen^[2][8].Developing countriesAnd air pollutant concentrations in developed countriesUnited Nations Human Settlement PlanAccording to (UNHSP) 1990-1995 data, the concentration of nitrogen dioxide does not differ significantly between the two, but sulfur dioxide is about 2.5 times in developing countries and about 3.5 times in particulate matter as in developed countries. ..Asia-Africa-Latin AmericaPollution is a serious problem in cities and industrial areas with rapidly increasing population^[21][20].

on the other hand,EuropeThen from the 1960s(I.e.Due to the serious damage to the organisms caused by the disaster, interest in cross-border pollution increased. In 1969, the OECD recommended the need for international cooperation on the acid rain issue. In 1972Western EuropeMonitoring frameworks have been established in 11 countries. Same yearUnited Nations Human Environment ConferenceThen, acid rain that crossed the border became one of the agenda items, and the situation of damage was reported to the world. Each country in 1(English edition） (CLRTAP) was signed and became effective in 1983, becoming the world's first treaty on transboundary air pollution. It stipulates that countermeasures, monitoring, and information exchange will be carried out in each member country, and it will be gradually expanded thereafter.^{[22][23][24][25]}.North America OfCanadaBetween the United States and the United States, acid rain became a problem as transboundary pollution in the 1970s, and the arguments were initially conflicting, but since the two countries signed a memorandum of understanding in 1980, monitoring and information exchange proceeded, and in 1991(English edition）Have signed^[22][25].

In Europe and North America, in order to clarify such pollution situation, data such as emission amount and deposition amount of each country are prepared and published. For example, in Northern EuropeSwedenIn that case, 93% of sulfur oxides and 87% of nitrogen oxides are imported from overseas and deposited (as of 1994).^[25].

Southeast AsiaThen,森林(熱 帯 雨林) Fire andpeatLarge smoke of fireHazeTransboundary pollution that spread to neighboring countries has become more serious since the 1980s. About 1997 in 1998-9km²Due to the widespread fireEur-lex.europa.eu eur-lex.europa.eu,Indonesia,Malaysia,フィリピン,Singapore,ThailandLargest haze ever spread to 6 countries in 2006-2007Cambodia,Laos,Myanmar, In 4 countries of ThailandAir quality index(AQI) is "Unhealthy"^{[Note 1]}There is a large-scale haze. To deal with this,Association of Southeast Asian Nations(ASEAN) member states in 2002(English edition）Has entered into force (effective in 2003) and has arranged information provision and cooperation prevention measures between countries.^[26].. However, due to the fact that Indonesia, which has 7% of the peat area in the region, has not ratified the treaty,Oil palm(Palm oilClearing for production is the main cause of deforestation, exposed and dried by loggingpeatHas caused a fire, etc., and transboundary haze pollution has frequently occurred since then.^[27].

Cross-border pollution, such as sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, acid rain, smog and fumes, has similarly large sources.India,バングラデシュSuch asSouth Asia, China, South Korea, Japan etc.East AsiaBut it is happening. East Asia monitoring trends in causative agents of acid rain in 1998East Asia Acid Rain Monitoring Network(EANET) has been launched.

Causes of air pollution

Pollutants and sources of emissions

Air pollutants (also called “pollutants”) are particles (solidcomponent·liquidComponent) and gas (gasIngredients) can be divided into two.The main pollutants and their emission sources are as follows.

• Smoke

Represented by PM2.5Particulate matterIncluding a lot.The main source of emissions isThermal power plant,Incinerator,Burning,Wood-burning stove,暖炉,fireworks(Firecracker)Such.

• dust

Volcanic ashAnd so on.The main source of emissions isVolcano Oferuption,Sandstormetc.

• Exhaust gas(Exhaust gas)

Carbon monoxide,Sulfur oxides,Nitrogen oxide Is typical.The main source of emissions isAutomobileetc.

• Photochemical oxidant

Exhaust gas etc.Photochemical reactionOccurs.It is a lot of pollution in cities.Photochemical smogAlso called.

• Volatile organic compounds(VOC)

FormaldehydeSuch asaldehydeKind,Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbonPart of (PAH),DioxinsEtc.) are typical.BurningoilDue to volatilization from the product.Sick house syndromeIs the cause ofIndoor air qualityIt is often used as an indicator substance.

• asbestos

mineralAnd industrial products.

• た ば こSmoke (Environmental cigarette smoke)

Although it is a major indoor air pollutant, there is also a view that it is an air pollutant.^[28],America CaliforniaTobacco smoke is designated as an air pollutant^[29].

• Ozone depleting substances

Although it does not directly affect human health,Freon,Halong,Alternative FreonDue to "Ozone depleting substances"ozone layerDestruction (Ozone hole),carbon dioxide,methane,Nitrous oxide,Sulfur hexafluorideSuch asGreenhouse gas"byGlobal warmingMay also be included in air pollution in a broad sense.

Of these, soot, dust, exhaust fumes, and photochemical oxidants are "classical" air pollutants, and dioxin and asbestos are air pollutants that have become a problem since then.^{[1][2][8][30]}.. The amount at which each substance begins to exert adverse effects (Threshold) Is called an air pollutant^[31]..As a legal term, JapanAir Pollution Control LawDesignates specific components in each of the 5 types of "smoke", "dust", "vehicle exhaust gas", "specific substances", and "hazardous air pollutants" as air pollutants^[32].

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Adverse effects

Impact on health and public health

Sulfur dioxideRespiratorSymptoms andOphthalmologySymptoms, nitrogen oxides are respiratory symptoms, ozone, which accounts for the majority of photochemical oxidants, does not cause symptoms alone, but hydrocarbons cause eye irritation. Particulate matter is mainly respiratory symptoms, of whichlead Theanemia,NerveEach harmful substance has its own unique symptoms. Also, the strength varies depending on the substance,smellThere are many air pollutants withStenchMay also be recognized as^[34].

List the overall impact of air pollution from a public health perspective. With short-term exposure,lungFunctional decline, acuteRespiratorSymptom (cough,Wheezing,sputum,Respiratory infections),eyeOcular symptoms associated with irritation to the skin, and the symptoms listed above as social impactsAbsence/absenceIncrease, social activity restrictions,Respiratory disease-Cardiovascular diseasePatient increase, totalmortality rateIncrease. With long-term exposure, (Low birth weight), chronicHeart disease,lung cancer, Chronic respiratory disease (asthma,Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD), respiratoryPathologyChanges in morbidity and mortality of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. Multiple studiesclimateIt is known that the high concentration of pollutants and the high mortality rate are proportional to each other, although there are differences depending on regions and social groups with different lifestyles and lifestyles.^[2][35].

According to the IEA (2016), there are 300 million deaths worldwide each year due to outdoor air pollution. Similarly, there are 350 million deaths annually due to indoor air pollution. If air pollution is left unchecked, the number of deaths from air pollutants will increase by 2040 million in 150. On the other hand, in countries where indoor pollution is frequent, the number of deaths has been reduced to a certain extent by switching to electricity and gas, but the number decreased by 40 only 50 The annual death toll from pollution is estimated to be 40 million.

On the other hand, if countries in the world such as Asia improve the actual situation of fossil fuel consumption and strengthen the energy conservation policy to introduce clean energy, the death toll due to air pollution can be greatly reduced. Specifically, if the investment in the clean energy field is increased by 40% by 7 years, the total death toll due to air pollution and indoor pollution will be reduced by 330 million people.^[36][37].. As an example, the concentration of PM10 is 70µg/m³To 30 µg/m³WHO will help countries to reduce air pollution-related fatalities by 15%.Air qualitySeeking improvement. In addition, the concentration of air pollutants is higher in cities than in rural areas and suburbs, and the relative risks are also greater. High risk of rapidly expanding cities, especially in developing countries^[21][6]. AlsoEconomic Cooperation Development Organization(OECD) in Environmental Outlook 2050 (2012), deaths by cause of global environmental degradation in 2050 are due to air pollution in urban areas due to water pollution (drinking drinking water and insufficient sewerage). It is predicted that the number of^[4].

Environmental impact

plantWhen is polluted with high concentration, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide cause yellow spots, browning and large spots,ozoneThen small spots, curved leaves,Necrosis, Deciduous, polycyclicAromatic hydrocarbonIt is known that large horizontal striped spots appear. Also, if you receive low-concentration pollution for a long time,photosynthesis,Breathe,TranspirationPhysiologic functions such ascropsYield loss occurs^[38].

When the concentration of air pollutants is highVisibilityIs lowered^[39], Noticeable deterioration of visibilitysmog(smog) orHazeRecognized as (haze).

Sulfur oxides have an effect on things鉄-steel-Stone, Ozone is organicHigh molecular, Hydrogen sulfide isSilver,copper,Hydrogen chlorideHas a high reactivity with iron and steel, and has the effect of accelerating corrosion and deterioration. For example, in the 30s and 40s when the concentration of sulfur oxides was high, the concentration was high in Kanagawa Prefecture.Kawasaki CitySteel corrosion rate is Gifu PrefectureTakayamaHad reached 10 times^[40].

Impact on business

People with children, in particular, may refuse to work in terrible smog and demand work in clean air.Also, in the tourism industry, tourists tend to avoid areas with severe air pollution as travel destinations, which is one of the causes of opportunity loss.Customers often ask about the degree of pollution.[1]

Contamination process

Schematic diagram of the process of air pollution^[2]

The process of air pollution begins with the emission of pollutants from the source. Sources are divided into fixed sources and mobile sources, the former is further divided into “point sources” such as factories and “source areas” such as roads and the entire city, and the latter are automobiles etc.^[2].

The next pollutant released is the atmospheric flow (Wind) Will be transported by. Part of it undergoes physical and chemical changes or is taken up by other substances during the transportation stage. For example, nitrogen dioxide and hydrocarbons in the atmosphereUVIn responsereactionProduces photochemical oxidants, sulfur dioxideWed-ammoniaReacts withOxidationdo itSulfuric acid(Sulfuric acid droplets) and sulfuric acid aerosol such as sulfate are generated, and nitrogen oxides react with oxidation and ammonia.nitric acidIt produces nitric acid aerosols such as (nitric acid droplets) and nitrates. Substances that are secondarily generated from pollutants in the air in this way are called "secondary pollutants" and are distinguished from ordinary "primary pollutants". Among secondary pollutants, there are not a few that react with each other to form fine particles of liquid or solid.NanometerIt is said that most of the (nm)-sized particulate matter is generated by the reaction in such a gas.^[2][44].

The gas component isCloud drop,RaindropsDissolved in, and the particulate matterCloud nucleusIt works as a trap or is caught by falling raindrops and is taken into the raindrops.(I.e.Rain out that is taken in and removed from the atmosphere,(I.e.It is called washout that it is taken in and removed from the atmosphere. Ingested air pollutants pollute rain and, if acidic,(I.e.Contribute to the occurrence of^[2].

In addition, some of the particulate matter aggregates with each other to increase the size. Large particles fall due to gravity during the transportation stage. Anything that falls is deposited on the surface of the ground or plants (Accumulation) But is removed from the atmosphere, but oftenSoil contamination,Water pollutionTransition to. It is said that when the particle size is less than 1 µm, the air resistance and the gravitational acceleration are almost equal, and almost no fall occurs.^[2].

Transportation isterrain,weatherIt depends greatly on the conditions, usually by the wind拡 散(Atmospheric diffusionThe concentration will decrease with increasing distance from the source. Air pollutants are mostly fluidWhirlpool,TurbulenceIt is known to make a dynamic diffusion movement, and the stronger the wind in the vertical direction than in the horizontal direction, the easier it is for diffusion. However, under certain conditions, contaminants accumulate and cause high-concentration pollution.^[2].

High concentration pollution has a weak wind (orNo windStable as a weather condition that causes a weak wind.Pressure gradientLoose(I.e.Within the range ofTemperature decrease rateDecreases/reversesStable layer,Temperature inversionAs a condition of the terrainvalley,basinThat is. In the middle of the 20th century, when air pollution became a problem, high-concentration pollution frequently occurred under such conditions. In the daytime, turbulence and convection around the ground are active, but at nightRadiation coolingIt is also known that a stable layer/inverted layer is generated by this and pollutants easily stay (diurnal change). In addition to thisSea breezeDue to^[2][8].

For example,Kanto regionThen, photochemical smog generated mainly from afternoon to sunset rides on the sea breeze after sunset (MesoscaleIt is also observed as the sea breeze front, which is the front of the island.City center,Keihin Industrial AreaThe highest concentration of nitrogen oxides, and the highest concentration of photochemical oxidants in the inland Kanto area.ChibaAlso in the survey in Japan, the values ​​of nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide are high in the northwestern part near Tokyo, but the values ​​of photochemical oxidants are high in the northern, eastern and southern parts.^[2][8].. Even in Europe, nitrogen oxides and particulate matter are high in cities, especially roads, but ozone is higher in rural areas.^[43].

In addition, (I.e.The change in the wind direction also affects the distribution. The above-mentioned survey in Chiba Prefecture also revealed that the distribution of high concentration regions changes depending on the season. Seasonal changes also occur due to changes in emissions, such as soot and carbon monoxide increase due to the use of heating in winter.^[2][8].

In cities, buildings weaken the wind and can trap particulate matter and gases, creating high concentrations in parts.^[2][8].

Another factor of pollution is the duration of pollution. It depends on the duration of the release from the source, the time it takes for some pollutants to be decomposed and rendered harmless, topography and weather conditions. The duration of pollution and the spatial and temporal scales are correlated, and the scale is roughly determined by substances and sources. High-concentration pollution around highways and factories is in the high-concentration range of several hundred m-1 km. ・It takes about 10 minutes to 1 hour from the start of pollution to the start of pollution. When it comes to large cities and factory areas, it takes about 1-10km and 1-10 hours. Photochemical smog and acid rain are tens to hundreds of kilometers long and take a few days at the longest. In the ozone hole and global warming, it will be a very large scale of thousands to 1 km for 1-100 years.^[2].

(I.e.

Pollutant recovery

As a method of recovery, a device for recovering particulate matter, soot and dust, sulfur oxide and the sulfur component that is the source thereof are recovered.DesulfurizationEquipment, equipment for collecting nitrogen oxides (denitrification equipment), etc. In case of collectionwasteAs a high concentration of pollutants is generated as a result, proper disposal and effective use of this become a problem. Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) using ammonia, which is one of the denitration technologies, is a by-product.Ammonium sulfateIt occurs (mainly used for fertilizers), but has the drawback of acidifying the soil.limeAs a by-product石膏However, in Japan, lime has a high self-sufficiency rate while gypsum has a low self-sufficiency rate. Other than that,Sodium hydroxide,sodium carbonateDesulfurization usingSodium sulfite,Sodium sulfateHow to get (paper mill etc.),Activated carbonAnd a method of simultaneously adsorbing sulfur oxides and decomposing nitrogen oxides. Utilization of by-products occurs in the combustion of coalFly ashCollectcementThere is also a technology to use as a raw material for, and a technology to recover the exhaust gas contained in the blast furnace and return it to the furnace. For harmful chemicals such as hydrocarbons and hydrogen sulfide, activated carbon,Zeolite,silica gelThere is a method of adsorbing with. Diesel vehicles collect particulatesDiesel particulate collection filter(DPF) is also used^[45].

In dust collection, relatively large particles of about 1 mm-50 µm use sedimentation due to gravity, and particles of 100-several µm control the air flow.inertiaAnd drop it withCentrifugal forceFor high efficiency,WedCollect by sprayingScrubber, Mechanically collectFilter,Static electricityThe electric dust that is collected in^[46].

In operation management, the fuel is controlled by controlling the mixing ratio of air used for combustion (air ratio) to an appropriate level.Perfect combustionThere is a method for reducing pollutants. Keeping the combustion temperature low also reduces nitrogen oxides. Leads to reduction of nitrogen oxides in automobilesExhaust gas recirculationand so on.gasolineHydrocarbons are included in the volatilization at the time of refueling (gasoline vapor), and there is a method of reducing this by shutting down the piping during refueling to suppress volatilization.^[47].

Regulation

Emission regulation (total regulation)

Environmental assessmentA method of controlling the total amount of pollutants emitted by implementing and setting emission allowances.

Replacement of old technology

ア ラ ス カ 州-FairbanksWas polluted enough to be recognized as the "most polluted city" by the American Lung Association,Wood-burning stoveSince we switched to oil and gas heating, we have succeeded in reducing pollution.Oregon-PortlandLet's make the wood stove electricheat pumpIs recommended to replace with^[48].

Education

Environmental educationObligatory (Pollution prevention managerな ど

Setting of international agreement

The major international agreements on air pollution are as follows.

• Europe: in 1979(English edition） Conclude (CLRTAP),United Nations Economic Commission for EuropeAs the secretariat, and with this treaty as a major framework, eight international treaties were concluded. The Helsinki Protocol of 8 and the Oslo Protocol of 1985 set sulfur oxide emissions reductions, and the Sofia Protocol of 1994 set emission reductions of nitrogen oxides. As of February 1988, 2013 countries including the United States and Canada outside the region are participating^[22][49].
• North America: Between the United States and Canada in 1991(English edition）Was signed and revised in 2000. Decreased emissions of sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides^[22][50][51].
• Southeast Asia:Association of Southeast Asian NationsIn 2002 as a secretariat(English edition）Have signed^[26].
• East Asia: There are no international agreements. As an international framework for research cooperationEast Asia Acid Rain Monitoring Network (EANET) is available.
• Ship: Prescribing Marine Pollution Prevention in a Global FrameworkMarpole TreatyHas added regulations on air pollution since the 1997 revised version. Establishes standards for the concentration of nitrogen oxides in the exhaust gas of ships and the sulfur content in fuel oil^[52].
• aircraft: A UN specialized agency that most countries joinInternational Civil Aviation OrganizationSets standards for aircraft emissions^[52].

As a method to reduce pollution mainly by installing it between the area where pollution occurs and the place of residence,GreeningByGreen belt,parkThere is a method of providing a "buffer green space" such as. It has the effect of depositing dust and particulate matter and absorbing carbon dioxide and other gases. According to (Zhang, 2002), the reduction rate of dust in the atmosphere passing through the green areas of open forests in Beijing decreases to about 61% in winter, compared with 20% in summer. However, since it causes pollution to plants, soil and water in the green area, reducing the total emission is essentially the most effective measure against air pollution.^[2][8][53].. In order to reduce total emissions, when developing one city,subway,TrainLow environmental impact such asPublic transportAndBicycleDoes not emit exhaust gas such asnon-motorized vehicleFor smooth trafficBicycle roadSuch as road network maintenance,Land use planningIt is also important to weave in advance at the stage of. This is a result of the combination of a well-meshed expressway network, suburban residential areas, and poor public transport conditions, resulting in "virtually difficult movement within the city without a car." Due to the occurrence of the situation, it was the earliest to suffer from the occurrence of "white smog" caused by the exhaust gas of automobiles.Los AngelesLessons from the failure of urban planning^[54].

Setting environmental standards

In developed countries, environmental standards for air pollutants were set in the 1950s and 1970s. At the world level, in 1987who(WHO) The European Regional Secretariat has established the "Air Quality Guidelines for Europe" and established standards for 27 substances, which were expanded in 1999 and adjusted for global application. "Guidelines For Air Quality" was announced, and the standards for 2000 substances in 37 and 2005 substances in 4 were changed and added.^[55][56].

Air pollution standard value for each country

WHO Air Quality Guidelines

Below is a list of air pollutants listed in the WHO Guidelines for Air Quality (WHO AQG(1999), WHO AQG(2000), WHO AQG(2005)) published in 1999, 2000 and 2005. is there. It is not possible to simply compare the magnitude of harm with the magnitude of the value of different substances. In addition, this value is a guideline value that independently evaluates the health effects of each substance, and does not take into consideration the synergistic effect when multiple substances are mixed.^{[62][63][64][55]}.

Monitoring and forecasting

A quantitative representation of pollutants is in the atmosphereconcentration(weightRatiovolumeRatio), unitTime·unitareaThe amount of deposition (deposition) and the amount of fall (fall) per hit^[2].. In order to monitor the state of air pollution, it is necessary to observe continuously for a long period of time._x, NO_xIn order to observe major pollutants such as OX, OX, etc., it is often the case to install a measuring device capable of continuous automatic observation^[83].

For particulate matter, PM10 and PM2.5 are used as indicators worldwide. PM10 is a particle that passes through a particle sizer with a particle size of 10 µm and a collection efficiency of 50%, and PM2.5 is 2.5 µm. In the beginningFilter paperThe BS method that uses a high volume air sampler, and then the method that uses a high volume air sampler (for example, in the United States until the latter half of the 1980s) was used, but the accuracy is not high, and the method that uses a low volume air sampler, the particles collected by the filterBeta rayMethod of measuring by irradiation or vibration,EPAPM2.5 sampler is used. According to WHO data (2005), out of 10 cities with a population of over 3,400 in the world, PM10 is measured only in 216 cities, most of which are in North America and Europe. It has been pointed out that there are few^[83][84].

Gaseous substances can be measured in various ways, but for continuous measurement,solventLet it absorbconductivityAnd the method of measuring the light transmittance, analyze from the spectrum obtained by infrared irradiationInfrared spectroscopy, Use UV/Vis/NIR irradiationUV/Vis/NIR spectroscopy, Etc. are used, it is difficult to perform continuous measurement.Gas chromatographyAre used^[61][83].

Especially when there are few observation points, or when investigating pollution on a scale smaller than the interval between instrument observation points, air pollutionBiological indicatorIs vulnerable to the appearance of tree leaves and air pollution that grows on treesLichenThere is a case to observe and use the situation.Pine treeIt is known that soot is easily accumulated around the stomata in the leaf cross section.

Cross-border transportation monitoring

In the cross-border pollution problem, in order to clarify the trends of air pollutants transported across borders, in addition to a simple analysis by the wind direction at the time of high-concentration pollution, the amount of emission and deposition of each region To estimate the inflow from a pollutantIsotopeRatiotracerAs a method of estimating the source, analysis by a long-distance transport model is used.^[25].

As a tracersulfur,lead,radonIsotopes are used. The source of sulfur oxides can be estimated from the sulfur isotope ratio of the sulfur content of coal and petroleum, which has a unique value depending on the place of production. In addition, since the value of lead contained in industrial products varies depending on the place of origin, it may be possible to estimate the source. Half-life of about 10.6 hours²¹²PbAnd about 3.8 days²²²RnFor example, the source can be estimated by using the ratio of isotopes of one decay product and the other half-life^[25].

In the long-distance transport model, research is progressing mainly on sulfur oxides, which are the causative agents of acid rain in Europe, and a model called "RAINS-Europe" has been developed. In addition, it is called "GAINS" for the analysis of greenhouse gases. The model is being developed. In Asia, "RAINS-Asia", which is an application of RAINS-Europe, is being developed. However, there may be cases in which there is a large error depending on the model and it becomes a discussion.^[25].

forecast

In addition, air pollution forecasts are also conducted for the purpose of preventing high-concentration pollution that may cause acute health damage. The possibility of activating high-concentration pollution is called "air pollution meteorological potential" or "air pollution potential", and the emission forecast based on the pollutant emission trend survey conducted by the government,MeteorologyThe size of the pollutant is calculated by combining it with the prediction of the movement of pollutants using the theory of. The movement of pollutantsNumerical forecast model(mainlyAtmospheric diffusion model) Use the forecast data calculated in^[85][86].

The main values ​​used in air pollution forecasts include mixed layer altitude (Mixing Depth), transfer wind velocity, and retention index (Stagnation Index). Mixed layer altitude is from the ground surface to an altitude of several hundred meters.Mixed layerThe altitude of the top ofLevelThere is a windy layer. It is shown that the higher the mixed layer height, the easier the air pollutants are mixed vertically and diffused by the horizontal wind in the upper layer. Usually, it becomes highest when the temperature of the day becomes highest, and this is called Maximum Mixing Depth. On the other hand, the lowest mixed layer height is around sunrise, when high-level meteorological data is plotted.EmmagramCan also be calculated above^{[Note 26]}.. The transfer wind velocity is in the horizontal direction in the mixing layer.wind speedIs. The retention indicator indicates the degree of air retention from multiple meteorological factors.Precipitation amount,(I.e., 850hPa (altitude approximately 1,500m) wind speed, 500hPa (altitude approximately 5,500m)VorticityUsing elements such as^[85][87].

Such forecasts began in Europe and the United States after World War II in the 1950s, in Japan in the 1960s, and in China in the 1980s.^[8].

Indicators/warnings

The situation of air pollutionAir qualityThere are areas that are announced by the index, and areas that issue warnings when pollution is above a certain level or when it is expected.

• United States-Air Quality Index (Air quality index, AQI) announced. "Good", "Moderate", "Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups", "Unhealthy", "Very Unhealthy", "Hazardous" are calculated in 6 levels based on 1-hour value and 12-hour value. Also make forecasts^[88].
• Canada-Air Quality Health Index (Air Quality Health Index, AQHI) announced. "Low health risk", "Moderate health risk", "High health risk", "Very high health risk". Also make forecasts^[89]
• EU-Announces the Air Quality Index (AQI) in the region. 5 levels^[90].
• United Kingdom-Announces the Air Quality Index (AQI). 4 stages. Also make forecasts^[91].
• France-Announces observations and forecasts^[92].
• Japan-If high concentrations are observed or expected,Air pollution warningAnnounced. Many of them are photochemical smog warnings.^[93].
• China-Air Quality Index (Environmental Air Quality Index (AQI)) announced. 7 steps^[94].
• Hong Kong-Air pollution index (Air Pollution Index, API) announced^[95].
• India-Released Air Quality Index (AQI). 5 levels^[96].

Japan situation

JapanInMeijiinitial(19st centuryFrom the end), industrial air pollution began to occur.EarlySteel millWas createdHachiman,KamaishiThen, air pollution caused by soot dust from the blast furnace occurred. Tochigi/GunmaAshio Copper Mine Poisoning CaseThen,Water pollutionEmitted from the copper smelter withSulfur dioxideDamages plants. EhimeBesshi Copper MineBut the sulfur dioxide from the smelter caused agricultural damage, causing a conflict.^[97][98]

From 1883 to 1884 (Meiji 16-17)OsakaWidespread pollution by soot has become a problem, and since Osaka Prefecture issued a notice to regulate soot, measures were taken by the city and prefecture and media reports were made, but air pollution worsened. At this time Osaka City is also known as "Smoke cityWas also called. In 1922 (Taisho 11), Osaka City Sanitation Laboratory started a wide-area survey of the atmosphere, and some research and studies have begun around this time.^[97][98].

Similar pollution occurred in neighboring Kyoto and Hyogo, as well as Tokyo, Kanagawa and Fukuoka. Air pollution has expanded due to pollution around the factory, widespread pollution from soot and smoke, as well as vehicle exhaust.^[97][98].

Second World WarSome of the factories were shut down, but after the war, air pollution became serious again with the industrial recovery such as re-operation and production increase. In industrial areas, soot and smoke from steel millsiron oxideIt is said that the fume covers the sky and the sun is dyed red.VisibilityIt had a bad influence on my life. Residents' complaints have increased due to such pollution, in Tokyo in 1949 (Showa 24), in Osaka Prefecture in 1950 (Showa 25), in Kanagawa Prefecture in 1951 (Showa 26), respectively.Pollution prevention regulationsHas been established.

1960 eraWhen we entered, public opinion for regulation of the country increased, and in 1962 (Showa 37)Law concerning regulations on soot emissionWas enacted,Keihin Industrial Area,Hanshin Industrial Area,Kitakyushu Industrial AreaRegulations on soot and dust in designated areas such as^[99].. But under this law,electricity-Gas businessIn addition to being excluded,Sulfur oxidesHardly considered the problem of^[97][98].

From around 1960MieYokkaichiWas attracted toYokkaichi ComplexDue to air pollution byYokkaichi asthmaDamage begins to get serious^[100].. Again before that,1950 eraからKeihin Industrial AreaでKawasaki AsthmaWas a social problem.

In 1967 (Showa 42)Basic Law for Pollution Control, The following year 1968 (Showa 43), in place of the law on the regulation of soot emissionAir Pollution Control LawWas enacted. Regarding the Air Pollution Control Law, the lower the chimney is, the lower the upper limit will be for the emission control of sulfur oxides.^[101],firstCar emission regulationsWas included. However, the concentration of sulfur dioxide was often high and "emergency measures" were taken.^[97][98].

1970 eraWhen entering, public opinion increased due to the seriousness of air pollution, and the popular name in 1970 (Showa 45)Pollution DietA major legal change was made. With this revision,Nitrogen oxide (NOx),hydrocarbon,leadSuch asHazardous substanceHas been added to the regulations, and the electric power and gas business is alsoIndustrial areaRegulations, which were limited to, are being expanded to the whole country. In urban areas where damage has been noticeable, some local governments have imposed additional regulations by regulations. In 1972 (Showa 47)Yokkaichi pollution lawsuitIn 1973 (Showa 48)Pollution Health Damage Compensation LawLeads to the establishment of^[97][98].

1970 eraSince the development and popularization of dust collectors and desulfurizers have progressed, the concentration of soot and sulfur oxides has dropped to about one-fifth in 20 years.^{[2][8][97][98]}.. As of 2010, the concentration of sulfur oxides has reached the environmental standard at measurement points of 99% or more.^[102].. The concentration of nitrogen dioxide has been flat since it decreased in the 1970s,Car emission regulationsSince the beginning of the 2000 and the total amount regulation in urban areas, it has been gradually decreasing since the XNUMXs.^[98][103].

Since thenComplexOf zones and big citiesHighwayAir pollution along the road was not completely eliminated, and four major pollution lawsuits (Minamata disease-Second Minamata disease-Itai-itai disease・Yokkaichi asthma) was over1970 eraAfter the second half,Keiyo Industrial AreaHave千葉(1975-1992),OsakaIn one of the leading industrial areasNishiyodogawa pollution lawsuit(1978-1998),Kawasaki pollution lawsuit(1982-1999),Mizushima Seaside Industrial AreaAroundKurashiki/Mizushima(1983-1996),Hanshin Industrial AreaHaveAmagasaki(1988-2000), Southern Nagoya (1989-2001),Tokyo air pollution lawsuit(1996-2007) etc., air pollution lawsuits have been filed in various places. In this case, there is also a lawsuit related to the fact that all the contaminated areas designated under the Pollution and Health Damage Compensation Law were lifted in 1988, and the new patient qualification to be covered by the compensation was not carried out. Since then, there have been movements to establish funds, etc.^[98][104].

Hazardous air pollutantsPRTR method,Special Measures Law against DioxinsThe emission control has been tightened.

Exhaust gas regulation was delayedDiesel carForAutomotive NOx/PM methodHas been gradually strengthened, and in urban areasDiesel vehicle regulation regulations^[98], To in-use vehicles that have passed a certain number of yearsAutomobile taxExtra measures (Scrap incentives) Is done. In addition, the transportation industry (eg:Yamato Transport OfHome deliverySome companies, such as delivery, have a low environmental impact as the use of automobiles is suppressed.BicyclePromotion of utilization of is also carried out.

Tokyo, July 1970, 7SuginamiSince the damage caused by the above was largely taken up, it was mainly derived from hydrocarbons and nitrogen dioxide in automobile exhaust gas.Photochemical smogBecame serious. domesticPhotochemical smog warningなどの発表延べ日数は、1973年（昭和48年）に300日を超えてピークに達した後、1984年（昭和59年）に100日以下に減少したがその後100-200日前後を推移、2000年と2007年には200日を超えている^[105].. Regarding the concentration of photochemical oxidant, there were few places where the environmental standard was achieved in the five years from 2006 to 2010 at 5-0.2%, and it is said to be “still low level” in the 0 Environmental White Paper.^[106]. Also2000/From the front and back,TsushimaSuch as remote islandsWest Japan,Sea of ​​Japan sideOn the continent (mainlyChugoku) High concentration cases of photochemical oxidants presumed to have been affected by pollutants transported across the border from^[107].

In this context, the causative agents nitrogen oxides and non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHO)^{[Note 27]}The results show that the concentration of photochemical oxidant is gradually increasing at a rate of about 1% per year, although the concentration of is decreasing gradually. As a cause of this,AsiaIt has been pointed out that cross-border transport from Japan is spreading over a wide area and pushing up the concentration.^[108][109]..Also, in 2010, the domestic average of rainHydrogen ion concentration(pH) is 4.78 and acid rain, but no plant damage has occurred. However, since there is a time lag in the occurrence of acid rain, it is said that damage from acid rain may occur in the future as the amount of pollutant emissions in Asia increases.^[110].

Cross-border pollution from China and the Korean Peninsula

According to the analysis of the sources of pollutants deposited in Japan, around 1990, 4-5% of sulfur oxides were domestic, 1-3% were China, and around 1% were.Korean PeninsulaMet.There is an analysis result that the contribution of emissions from China increases to more than half of the total in winter due to the northwest monsoon.The sources of nitrogen oxides (around 1990) are 65-75% domestic, 13-18% China, and 10-15% Korean Peninsula.^[25][111].. As of 2022,National Institute for Environmental StudiesAccording to research, pollutant emissions from China and the Korean Peninsula are improving, relatively domestically.BurningEmissions of pollutants from^[112].

footnote

注 釈

Source

References

• Masatoshi Yoshino, Yoshitaka Fukuoka (ed.) "Environmental Climatology", University of Tokyo Press, 2003 ISBN-4 13-062710-4
• Kozo Ninomiya "Meteorology and Environmental Sciences of the Earth", Ohmsha, 2006 ISBN-4 274-20185-6
• Masatoshi Yoshino et al. "Climatology / Meteorology Dictionary" <First Edition>, Ninomiya Shoten, 1985 ISBN-4 8176-0064-0
• Japan Scientists Conference (ed.)/Japan Environmental Society (cooperation) "Encyclopedia", Junposha, 2008 ISBN 978-4-8451-1072-8
• Environmental Conservation Measures Research Group, "Basic knowledge on second edition and air pollution control", Japan Industrial Environment Management Association, 2005 ISBN-4 914953-69-2
• Anne W. Spahn (Author), Keiko Takayama (Translation) "Urban Ecosystem: A City that Coexists with Nature", Pollution Control Technology Doyukai, 1995 ISBN 978-4-87489-121-6
• Kenichi Higashi, Iwao Uchiyama, Koichi Ikeda "Survey Research on Indoor Air Quality Regulations in Foreign Countries: Indoor Air Quality Guidelines and Countermeasures for Pollution Sources", Architectural Institute of Japan, "Environmental Papers of the Architectural Institute of Japan" No. 597, pp. 89-96, November 2005, 11NOT 110004788032
• Toshinama Ohara (ed.)Study on elucidation of behavior of photochemical oxidants in Japan, "National Institute for Environmental Studies Research Report" No. 195, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 2007
• "Atmosphere Environmental Conservation Technology Training Manual, Ministry of the Environment, 2005
• "24 Environmental White Paper, Recycling Society White Paper, Biodiversity White Paper, Ministry of the Environment, 2012
• "Guidelines for Air Quality", World Health Organization, 1999 (Web version[2])-1999 Air Quality Guidelines
• “WHO air quality guidelines for Europe, 2nd edition, 2000”, World Health Organization Europe, 2000 ISBN-92 890-1358-3(Web version[3])-2000 Air Quality Guidelines
• “Air quality guidelines -Global update 2005- Particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide”, World Health Organization, 2006 ISBN-92 890-2192-6(Web version[4])-2005 revised version of Air Quality Guidelines
• "Air quality guidelines -global update 2005- Particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide", World Health Organization-Summary of the above
• "Lecture on Air Pollution" Material "1 Air pollution in Beijing-What is "PM2.5", a fine particulate material- (PDF) "2 Air pollution and respiratory diseases (PDF) Embassy of Japan in China (Beijing), February 2013, 2
• John Esposito "Criminal Accusation of Losing Air Pollution" (Ralph Nader Report)Fujiyoshi SakamotoStudy Group Translation, Kodansha, 1971
• Wayne Sprawl, "Science of Air Pollution, Searching for Countermeasures", co-translated by Toshio Ohira, Yuichi Kawamura, and Fujiyoshi Sakamoto, Kodansha, 1971

Related item

• Exhaust gas,煙,Smoke damage
• Haze,smog,Photochemical smog
• Respiratory disease,asthma,Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
• Beijing cough
• Tokyo air pollution lawsuit
• Air quality,Environmental cigarette smoke,ventilation,Air conditioning,Air purifier,MASKS
• dust,Pneumoconiosis,Asbestos problem
• pollen,hay fever
• Volcanic gas,Volcanic ash,Vogg,Rays (geology)
• Sandstorm
• (English edition）

外部 リンク

Observation and prediction of air pollution

• Japan
  • Ministry of the Environment-Japanese Meteorological Agency Photochemical oxidant related information - Link Collection
  • National Institute for Environmental Studies Database Air/water environment -Past observations and legally regulated areasGISData
  • Ministry of the Environment/National Institute for Environmental Studies Wide-area air pollutant monitoring system Soramame-kun -Observation of sulfur dioxide, nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, photochemical oxidants, non-methane hydrocarbons, methane, total hydrocarbons, suspended particulate matter, minute particulate matter, suspended dust (past) Value and announcement status of warnings and alerts
    • Ministry of the Environment Information about fine particulate matter (PM2.5) -Collection of PM2013 observation data provisionally provided in February 2
  • National Institute for Environmental Studies Wide-area air pollution map of East Asia(Concentration prediction distribution map of yellow sand and air pollutants,Observations of yellow sand and non-yellow sand by lidar,Predicted distribution of concentration of yellow sand by altitude)-Prediction of yellow sand, sulphate aerosol, artificial particles, ozone,TO DEALObservation
  • Meteorological Research Institute Prediction of surface ozone distribution by photochemical smog weather prediction model(Trial release)-Prediction of tropospheric ozone
  • National Institute for Environmental Studies Air pollution prediction system VENUS(Trial release)-Prediction of photochemical oxidants, nitrogen dioxide, sulfate aerosols
  • Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology Chemical weather forecast(City scale science weather map,Global chemical weather map) (Trial release)-Prediction of ozone, nitrogen compounds, nitric acid, carbon monoxide, peroxyacyl nitrate, sulfuric acid aerosol, ozone change rate, nitrogen dioxide photodissociation rate
  • Kyushu UniversityApplied Mechanics Research Institute・The University of TokyoAtmosphere and Ocean Research Institute・National Institute for Environmental Studies SPRINTARS Atmospheric aerosol prediction(Test release)-Prediction of air pollutant particles (soot, organic matter, sulfate aerosol), and yellow sand
  • Kyushu University Institute for Applied Mechanics/National Institute for Environmental Studies Chemical Weather Forecast System (CFORS) Prediction of yellow sand and air pollutant distribution in East Asia(Test release)-Prediction of soil particles such as yellow sand and sulfate aerosol

• Besides Japan:International Air Quality -Collection of sites of each country by US AirNow
  • EPA AirNow(America)
  • Air Quality Now(Europe)
  • Air Quality Health Index(Canada)
  • Real-time Ambient Air Quality Dissemination System(Korea)
  • Priority city air gas volume daily report(China)

Page explaining in more detail

• Ministry of the Environment : Atmospheric environment and automobile measures,Laws/Notifications/Notifications Air quality protection,International Environmental Cooperation for Sustainable Development Air Environment Conservation Technology Training Manual
• National Institute for Environmental Studies : Environmental Observatory Field-specific menu Atmospheric environment,Database Air/water environment,Air pollution epidemiology information source
• Japanese Meteorological Agency : Forecast terms Air pollution
• United States Environmental Protection Agency(EPA):Air Quality Planning and Standards,Learn the Issues: Air,Science and Technology: Air,NAAQS (American air pollution environmental standard)
  • Health Effects Notebook for Hazardous Air Pollutants -Commentary on the health effects of EPA-designated hazardous air pollutants
• European Commission : Air Quality Directive (EU Air Quality Directive)
• who(WHO):Public Health and Environment: Outdoor air pollution,Global Health Observatory: Exposure to outdoor air pollution

Academic societies

• Atmospheric Environment Society(Japan):Journal of Atmospheric Environment SocietyISSN 1341-4178
• International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate(ISIAQ)-International Conference on Air Quality
• "Atmospheric Environment"ISSN 0004-6981 -International academic journal on air pollution

Other

• "Air pollution』- Koto bank

JapanFor local matters,Japan in 2020."

2020/(2020 years old)AD(Gregorian calendar)by,Leap year starting from Wednesday.Reiwa2 years.

This item describes 2020 from an international perspective.

Other chronology

• Zodiac signs : Gengzi(Kanee)
• Japan(The date matches)
  • Reiwa2/
  • Imperial period2680/
• South Korea(The date matches)
  • South Korea102/
  • Danki4353/
• Republic of China(The date matches)
  • Chinese national calendar109/
• DPR Korea(The date matches)
  • main body109/
• Buddhist era: October 2562, 10-Leap September 7, 2563
• Islamic calendar: April 1441, 5-April 5, 1442
• Jewish calendar: April 5780, 4-April 4, 5781
• unix-time: 1577836800-1609459199
• Modified Julian Day(MJD): 58849-59214
• Lily day(LD): 159690-160055

カレンダー

Event

1

• May 1
  • France DisposablePlasticA law banning cups and dishes was enforced^[1].
  • パラオ To Palau based on `` Responsible Tourism Education Law 2018''SunscreenImporting, selling and bringing in products is prohibited^[2].
• May 1 - Republic of China Taipei CityIn the mountains nearbyRepublic of China Air ForceA helicopter crashed,Shen Yi-mingArmy Chief of Staff died^[3].
  "2020 New Taipei City helicopter crashSee also
• May 1 - The United States of America Department of Defense Playing cardsAt the direction of the president,(I.e.Revolutionary GuardCommander'sSolei ManiThe(I.e. OfBaghdad International AirportMade a statement that he was killed in the vicinity^[4].
  "Attack on Baghdad International Airport (2020)See also
• May 1 - Chugoku WuhanThe cause is unknown forpneumoniaabout,New coronavirusWas identified by
  Detail is"Pandemic of New Coronavirus Infection (2019-)"and"The outbreak situation of 2019 coronavirus infectious disease in mainland ChinaSee
• May 1
  • (I.e. Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps launched a military attack launching 15 missiles on US-related facilities (Assad Air Force Base/Erbil Base) in Iraq^[5].
    "Iran attack on US military base in Iraq in January 2020See also
  • (I.e. TehranSuburbsEmam Khomeini International AirportTook offUkraine International Airlines752 flightsRevolutionary GuardFiredSurface-to-air missileShot down and killed all 176 passengers and crew^[6][7].
    "Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 shot downSee also
• May 1 - Oman Was also the king and prime ministerCar booth bin SaidCollapsed. (79 years old)^[8].
• May 1
  • Oman Car Booth was a cousin and former Minister of Heritage and CultureHytham Bin Tarik Earl-SaidWas announced (announced) by the Omani government that he was practiced by the new king^[9].
  • Republic of China 2020 Republic of China presidential electionIs executed andDemocratic Progressive PartyOfficialTsai English KMTOfficialKorean agate(Kaohsiung CityMayor) and won re-election^[10].
• May 1 - Microsoft Windows 7Extended support has ended^[11].
• May 1
  • who (WHO)Spread of COVID-XNUMX infectionabout,"Public health emergencies of international concern(PHEIC)^[12].
    "Pandemic of New Coronavirus Infection (2019-)See also
  • United Kingdom 2016/May 6 OfReferendumBased on the results ofGreenwich Mean Time (GMT) 23:XNUMX (Central European Time (CET) May 2With 0 o'clock United KingdomAnd Gibraltar EUからWithdrawal official^[13].
    "Britain's departure from the European UnionSee also

2

• May 2 - Chugoku Xi JinpingParty secretaryThe most serious problem is the spread of the new coronavirusHubei ProvinceとWuhanReplaced each top of. It was replaced by the top of Hubei province,Jiang ChaoliangSecretary and top of Wuhan City,Horseback countryTwo secretaries. To succeed Jiang Chaoliang's Party Committee SecretaryCourageMayor of Shanghai, Wuhan city top city party committee secretaryShandongJinan CityTopWang ZhonglinCity Party Committee Secretary^[14][15].
  "The outbreak situation of 2019 coronavirus infectious disease in mainland ChinaSee also
• May 2 - The United States of America Playing cardsGovernment and Afghan rebelsTaliban QatarThe capital ofDohaSigned a peace agreement stipulating phased-out withdrawal of US troops stationed there^[16].

3

• May 3 - Malaysia Muhedin YasinFormer Interior MinisterMahathir MohammadBecame Malaysia's successor^[17].
• May 3 - Australia Frequent and continuous since September of the previous yearAustralia forest fireso,New South WalesFire authorities declare fire extinguishing.
• May 3 - WHOAbout the spread of the new coronavirus (COVID-19)Pandemic(Global epidemic) showed recognition as equivalent^[18][19][20].
  "Pandemic of New Coronavirus Infection (2019-)See also
• May 3 - Japan With the global epidemic of the new coronavirus, this summerTokyoWas scheduled to be held inTokyo Olympics-ParalympicAbout 1 year postponement was decided^[21].
  "Socio-economic impact of 2019 coronavirus infectionSee also
• May 3 - Northern Macedonia North Atlantic Treaty OrganizationJoined (NATO)^[22].
• May 3 - Saudi Arabia YemenDirection of the capital of Saudi ArabiaRiyadhTowardsBallistic missile2 shots are fired,Saudi armyShot down the missile. Two Saudi citizens injured^[23].

4

• May 4
  • Chugoku Had been blocked since FebruaryWuhanThe blockade was lifted and high-speed rail and air routes resumed for the first time in two and a half months.^[24].
    "The outbreak situation of 2019 coronavirus infectious disease in mainland ChinaSee also
  • The United States of America 2020 United States Presidential ElectionWas aiming for nomination for Democratic PartyBernie SandersSenator announced withdrawal,Joe BidenEnsured nomination of former Vice President^[25].
• May 4 - South Korea 21st Korean National Assembly general electionAt the ruling partyDemocratic togetherIs an overwhelming victory.

5

• May 5 - PakistanSouthernKarachiでPakistan International AirlinesFlight 8303 crashed, killing 97 crew and passengers and one resident on the ground^[26].

6

• May 6 - United Kingdom Boris JohnsonThe Prime Minister said that if the Chinese government imposes new security laws on Hong Kong territory, the UK will change immigration laws and provide a way to British citizenship for all Hong Kong citizens subject to BN(O) status.^[27].
• May 6 - The United States of America George Floyd protestParticipants(English edition）Occupy the surrounding area,Capitol Hill Autonomous RegionDeclaration of establishment^[28].
• May 6 - Chugokuと IndiaLocated in the border area ofKashmirAt least 15 Indian soldiers were killed and more than 20 were injured in a clash with Chinese and Indian troops in the eastern part of the country on the night of the 76th.The Chinese side has not disclosed the details of the casualties (2020 Sino-Indian Border Dispute）^[29].
• May 6 - north korea KoreanNorth Korean defectorAt around 2:49 pm, as a retaliation for the criticism of the system by the groupGaeseong Industrial AreaIt is inNorth-South Joint Liaison OfficeBlasted^[30].
• May 6 -(Japan time) The number of people infected with the new coronavirus worldwide exceeds 1000 million, and the total number of deaths exceeds 50.By country The United States of AmericaIs the largest in the world with about 251 million. Then BrazilAbout 131 million, RussiaContinues with about 63 people^[31][32][33].
  Detail is"2019 Coronavirus Infection Outbreak Status by Country/RegionSee

7

• May 7 - Hong Kong National Security Maintenance Law of the Special Administrative Region of Hong Kong, People's Republic of ChinaWas enforced, and Hong Kong police arrested more than 180 mobs on the same day under the National Security Law, and announced that seven were due to violations of the National Security Law.^[34].
• May 7 - Russia The constitution has been amended.This amendment "resets" the previous term, up to 2024 years after 12, or2036/UntilPutinIt became possible to continue the administration^[35].
• May 7 - Taiwan Wu JosephForeign Minister (Minister of Foreign Affairs) at a press conference on the 1st, Taiwan in northeastern AfricaEur-lex.europa.eu eur-lex.europa.euAnnounced that it will mutually establish an official representative body^[36]
• May 7 - The United States of America Hong Kong Autonomous LawIs established^[37].
• May 7 - Chugoku Of the People's Republic of ChinaMars explorationMachineFirst questionWas launched^[38].
• May 7 - The United States of America NASAMars probePerseveranceSuccessfully launched^[39].
• May 7 - Northwest Pacific From 7st to 1st JulytyphoonIt is confirmed that the number of occurrences is 0.1951/It is the first time that no typhoon has occurred in July since the start of statistics in Japan^[40][41].

8

• May 8 - Lebanon Beirut Port Explosion AccidentOutbreak^[42].
• May 8 - IndiaSouthernKeralaChori codeAt the airport in (Kozhikode), Air India Express flight 190, carrying 1344 passengers and crew, failed to land due to heavy rain and wind, killing 21 people, including the captain and co-pilot.^[43].
  "Air India Express flight 1344 landing failure accidentSee also
• May 8 - Lebanon Thousands of anti-government protests angry at the government's inaction against the Beirut port explosion^[44].
• May 8
  • Taiwan Tsai EnglishPresident and USAlex OtherSecretary of Health and Welfare meets in Taipei's Presidential Office. It will be the highest US minister's visit to Taiwan after the U.S.^[45].
  • Hong Kong Hong Kong Police is a Hong Kong newspaper known for its critical tone in China.Apple DailyFounder ofLi Zhiying7 peopleHong Kong National Security Maintenance ActArrested on suspicion of violating^[46].. On the same day,GardenArrested on the same charge^[47].
• May 8
  • (Japan time) The number of people infected with the new coronavirus worldwide exceeds 2000 million. By country, The United States of AmericaIs the largest in the world with about 509 million. Then BrazilAbout 306 million, IndiaAbout 227 million, RussiaAbout 89 million, Republic of South AfricaContinues with about 56 people^[48].
    Detail is"2019 Coronavirus Infection Outbreak Status by Country/RegionSee
  • Russia OfPutinThe president makes the world's first domestically produced new coronavirusvaccine(Gam-COVID-Vac<Sputnik V>) was approved^[49].
    "COVID-19 vaccine #RussiaSee also
• May 8 -United StatesDonald TrumpPresident of the Middle East Israelと UAEAnnounced that it would agree to normalize diplomatic relations^[50].
• May 8 - Thailand BangkokA large anti-government rally with 1 participants will be held in front of the Democratic Monument in the center.PlayutDemanding the resignation of the government and constitutional amendment, and even more absolute authorityRoyal familyThere were also calls to discuss the ideal way of^[51]((English edition）).
• May 8 - Japan There was a theory of physical anxietyPrime Minister OfShinzo AbeDecided to resign^[52].

9

• May 9
  • The total number of deaths worldwide due to the new coronavirus exceeds 90 million^[53][54].
• May 9 - Japan Third Abe Cabinet (first remodeling) Resigned from the Cabinet due to an extraordinary cabinet meeting held in the morning. After that, it was held at the plenary session of the House of Representatives and the plenary session of the House of Councilors.Prime Minister Nomination ElectionIn the Liberal Democratic PartyYoshii KanThe governor was appointed.
• May 9~21 days - The 120th US Open(Winged Foot Golf Club West Course).
• May 9 -(Japan time) The number of people infected with the new coronavirus worldwide exceeds 3000 million.By country, The United States of AmericaIs the largest in the world with about 667 million. Then IndiaAbout 512 million, BrazilContinues with about 442 people^[55].
  Detail is"2019 Coronavirus Infection Outbreak Status by Country/RegionSee
• May 9 - The United States of America More than 20 deaths due to coronavirus infection^[56].
• May 9 - アゼルバイジャンと アルメニアbyLarge-scale combat Nagorno-Karabakh regionOutbreak.Hundreds to thousands of casualties were caused by the association of civilians and soldiers of both armies.Armenian and Azerbaijani governments across the countryMartial lawIntroduced.Declared general mobilization system.
• May 9
  • アゼルバイジャンCongress アルメニアAgainst戦 争Declare the state.事実上のDe factoDeclaration of war.
  • The total number of deaths worldwide due to the new coronavirus exceeds 100 million^[57][58].

10

• May 10 - Microsoft Windows 10 End of mainstream support for (2015 LTSB)2025/May 10Schedule of).
• May 10 -(Japan time) The number of people infected with the new coronavirus worldwide exceeds 4000 million.By country, The United States of AmericaIs the largest in the world with about 815 million. Then IndiaAbout 755 million, BrazilContinues with about 523 people^[59].
  Detail is"2019 Coronavirus Infection Outbreak Status by Country/RegionSee

11

• May 11 - The United States of America 2020 United States Presidential ElectionGeneral vote.Donald TrumpCurrent President (Republican Party)WhenJoe Biden(Democratic Party) Is a close battle.
• May 11 -(Japan time) The number of people infected with the new coronavirus worldwide exceeds 5000 million.By country, The United States of AmericaIs the largest in the world with about 990 million. Then IndiaAbout 851 million, BrazilContinues with about 565 people^[60][61]. Also,EuropeThe number of infected people has expanded to about 1200 million.Latin AmericaIs surpassing again^[62].
• May 11 -(Japan time) The number of people infected with the new coronavirus worldwide exceeds 6000 million.By country, The United States of AmericaIs the largest in the world with about 1264 million. Then IndiaAbout 922 million, BrazilAbout 612 million, France RussiaThe number exceeds that of about 221 million. The number of people has increased by about 17 million in 1000 days (the shortest ever), and the pace of infection spread is accelerating.^[63][64].
  Detail is"2019 Coronavirus Infection Outbreak Status by Country/RegionSee

12

• May 12 - Japan OfJAXADeveloped inAsteroid probe"Hayabusa 2Returned to Earth.Recovery capsuleAustralia OfWoomera Proving GroundDropped on the earth, the main bodyFly byAnd the next exploration target (小 惑星"1998 KY₂₆"2031/(Scheduled to arrive in July)^[65].
• May 12 -(Japan time) The number of people infected with the new coronavirus worldwide exceeds 7000 million.By country, The United States of AmericaIs the largest in the world with about 1580 million. Then IndiaAbout 980 million, BrazilIt continues with about 680 million people. The number of people has increased by about 16 million in 1000 days (the shortest ever), and the pace of infection spread continues to accelerate.^[66].
  Detail is"2019 Coronavirus Infection Outbreak Status by Country/RegionSee
• May 12 - The United States of America 2020 United States Presidential Election OfElectorvote.Joe Biden(Democratic Party) Won the majority and confirmed the victory^[67].
• May 12
  • Chugoku OfJealousy No. 5Succeeded in collecting lunar surface samples and returned^[68][69].
  • UNESCOAt the XNUMXth Intergovernmental CommitteeJapanProposed "Traditional Architects' Techniques: Traditional Techniques for Inheriting Wooden Buildings"Intangible cultural heritageWas resolved to register with^[70].
• May 12~22 days --AppearanceJupiterとSaturnApproaches for the first time in about 20 years(English edition）Occurs (observable)ElongationThe closest approach below 0.1 degrees1226/It's been about 800 years since then^{[Note 1]}）^[71][72][73]. Also,astrology OfhoroscopeAbove水瓶座 (ZodiacThen.丑寅,Detail is"SignBecause it occurs in the area of)elementChanges from "earth" to "wind" for the first time in about 240 years (at around 21:19 on the 2st of Japan time)winter solstice OfSolsticeBut also^[74], From November to mid-DecemberPlutoTriple Great Conjunction including^[75][76][77].
• May 12 -(Japan time) The number of people infected with the new coronavirus worldwide exceeds 8000 million.By country, The United States of AmericaIs the largest in the world with about 1879 million. Then IndiaAbout 1017 million, BrazilIt continues with about 745 million people.It is said to be more infectious than everMutant strainAlso United KingdomIt has been confirmed in various places including, and the pace of infection spread is still accelerating.^[78][79].
  Detail is"2019 Coronavirus Infection Outbreak Status by Country/RegionSee
• May 12 - Adobe FlashDevelopment and discontinuation of.

Events / plans whose timing is undecided or unknown, etc.

• "(English edition）：By 2020nuclear weaponsVision to abolish^[80].

  Hiroshima Mayor・ Advocated by the president of the UN NGO Mayors for Peace, along with many mayors from all over the world and representatives of more than 100 cities (2003/(Formulated in October) and is taking action to realize it.Also in America2004/The United States Mayors Conference, which is composed of 1183 cities, adopted a resolution in support of the “2020 Vision”.

• Treaty of Versaillesbased on,Germany OfThe United States of America(2010/Pay off) exceptVictorious countryToCompensationThe payment period is over.
• 2006/ToNASALaunchedPlutoProbeNew Horizons Kuiper BeltReached.

Anniversary

• May 1 - Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake25 years from the outbreak^[81].
• May 1 - Mutual cooperation and security treaty between Japan and the United States(Japan-US Alliance) 60th anniversary from the conclusion^[82].
• May 2 - Japanese mythBased in JapanFoundingFrom the 2680th anniversary.
• May 2 - Emperor Imakami60th anniversary of the birth of.
• May 3 - SCE"PlayStation 22th anniversary of the release of (PS20)^[83].
• March-September- Japan World Exposition(Osaka Expo) 50th Anniversary^[84].
• May 5 - whobysmallpox40 years since the declaration of eradication^[85][86].
• May 5 - Toyota Estima30th anniversary from the first release.
• May 7 - Joseph Strauss150th anniversary of his death.
• May 8 - Kuwait invasion30 years have passed.
• May 8 - HiroshimaToAtomic bomb75 years since the drop (first in human historynuclear weaponsActual battle use)^[87].
• May 8 - Nagasaki75 years since the atomic bomb was dropped on^[88].
• May 8 - Second World War75th anniversary from the end.
• May 9 - Paralympic60th anniversary^{[Note 2]}.
• May 10 - Germany reunificationFrom the 30th anniversary.
  • May 7 -Germanycurrency30th anniversary of integration (oldEast GermanyToGerman markIntroduction).
• March-September- Magellan Magellan StraitPassing through (May 10Discovered)The Pacific Ocean500 years since we reached (May 11It is said to have been named after it reached).
• May 10 - Instagram10th anniversary from release.
• May 10 - United Nations(United Nations) 75th anniversary.
• May 11 - Microsoft Windows35th anniversary from the first release.
• May 11 - Nintendo"Super Nintendo30th anniversary of release^[89].
• May 12 - JapaneseBS digital broadcasting20th anniversary of the start.
• May 12 -First Japanese宇宙 飛行 士30th anniversary of birth (Toyohiro Akiyama Soyuz TM-11でSpace30 years after taking off.

Politics

• Elections for heads of state, etc. expected to be held in the current year (expiration date in [])
  "2020 electionSee
  • 2020 United States Presidential Election

Economy/Technology

Art/Culture/Fashion

World

• Global pandemic of new coronavirus infection (COVID-19)In order to control the spread of infection in various countries around the worldLockdownAnd measures such as immigration restrictions have been implementedOlympicHowever, it was postponed for the first time in history since modern times, and it fell into a situation that human beings have never experienced in the past.Also,International Monetary Fund (IMF) is the world of 2020GDPForecast growth rate of -3.0%^[90],this is2008/ OfLehman shockAt a value far exceeding -0.1% of the time,1929/ OfWorld DepressionWorst since (estimated -15.0%)Recession^[91](Corona shock).

Music

Due to the global epidemic of the new coronavirus, live music, festivals and concerts have been canceled or postponed one after another.Many artists have moved their activities online.

movies

The worldwide epidemic of the new coronavirus has had various effects on movie shooting and movie theaters, and the release has been postponed one after another.

Live-action movie

• May 1
  • "Bad Boys 2 BadThe sequel to "Bad Boys For LifeIs released in advance in the United States.
  • Hugh Lofting OfChildren's literature"Doctor Dolittle" seriesBased on "Doctor dolittleIs released in advance in the United States.
• May 2 - Harley quinnThe spin-off movie "Harley Quinn's Brilliant Awakening BIRDS OF PREY』Previously released in the United States^[92].DC Extended UniverseThis is the 8th work of.
• May 2 - Sega OfComputer games"Sonic seriesIt will be a live-action movie of "Sonic the movie』Previously released in the United States^[93].
• May 3 -"Quiet PlaceThe sequel to "Quiet Place Broken SilenceIs Americanニ ュ ー ヨ ー クでPremierRelease^[94]..全米公開はNational release2021/Scheduled^[95].
• May 8 -"TENET TENETIs released in advance in the United Kingdom etc. (in the United StatesMay 9Release)^[96].New coronavirus epidemicIn the United States due to the influence ofMay 7Scheduled to be released in advance^[97]Postponed from.
• May 12 -Live-action version ``Monster hunterIs released in advance in the Netherlands etc.^[98](Same month in America18 daysPublished on^[99], Also scheduled to be released in Japan in March of the following year^[100]).Due to the influence of the new coronavirus epidemicMay 9Scheduled to be released simultaneously in Japan and the United States^[101][102]Was postponed from^[103].
• May 12 - America'sSuper hero movie"Wonder Woman 1984"(directed by:Patty Jenkins) Is released (HBO MaxRelease date in countries and regions around the world where the service is not available, 18th of the same month in Japan, same month at theaters and HBO Max in North America25 daysPublished and distributed to^[104]). Published in 2017Wonder WomanThis is the 9th work of the DC Extended Universe.Due to the new coronavirus epidemic, in the United StatesMay 6Scheduled to be released in advance^[105](Japan isMay 6Scheduled to be released^[106]) Was postponed.

Anime movie

• May 9 - Kyoto animationthe work"Violet evergarden』Completely new workTheater animation(directed by:Taichi Ishidate) Is released in Japan^[107].. at firstMay 1Was scheduled to be released worldwide at the same time^[108][109]But,Kyoto Animation Arson Murder CaseUnder the influence ofMay 4It was postponed to^[110],furtherNew coronavirus epidemicIt was postponed again due to the influence of.
• May 10 - Demon BladeTheatrical anime "Movie version "Kimetsu no Yaiba" infinite train edition"(directed by:Haruo Tozaki) Was released in Japan and became a record-breaking hit even under the influence of the new coronavirus epidemic.May 12At that time, the number of spectators was 2404 million andperformance incomeOver 324 billion yen, "FrozenAnd 'Titanic], [Spirited Away"BeyondJapan's box office revenue rankingでNo. 1 in historyBecame^{[111][112][113]}..In addition, the box officeDatabasesite"The NumbersAccording to the next yearMay 5At that time, the box office revenue of the whole world reached 4 million dollars (about 7460 billion yen).Worldwide box office revenue ranking for movies released in 2020But it is number one^[114][115].

Anime

Delivery anime

• ghost in the ShellNew animation of "Ghost in the shell SAC_2045] (First in the seriesFull 3DCG animation)ButNetflixIn April, it will be exclusively distributed worldwide. The director is "Ghost in the Shell SACOf seriesKenji KamiyamaAnd the movie "APPLESEED"ofShinji AramakiThe character design isIllustrator OfIlya Kuvshinov(RussiaFrom)^[116][117].

Game

• BANDAI NAMCO OfIdol Master seriesIs celebrating its 15th year since its birth^[118][119].
• May 2 - Cloud games Of(English edition）Started service.
• May 4 - ニ ッ ク ス ク ウ ェ ア ス · エBut"Final Fantasy VII Remake』(PS4) Is released (it has been announced that it will be a separate work, and this work is the first work)^{[120][121][122]}.
• May 9 - Nintendo Handheld gamesMachineNintendo 3DSAnnounced that the production of the series has been discontinued^[123].
• May 11 - Microsoft Home gamesMachineXbox Series X / S(The official name of the main body isXbox^[124], Series X and sister model Series S) released^[125][126].
• May 11 - Sony Interactive Entertainment (SIE) is a home video game consolePlayStation 5(PS5) released^[127][128].

• 

  PlayStation 5

Birth

Die

Nobel Prize

• Physics Award : Roger Penrose,Reinhard Genzel,Andrea Ghez
• Chemistry Award : Emmanuelle Charpentier,Jennifer Doudna
• Physiology/Medical Award : Harvey Alter,Michael Houghton,Charles Rice
• Literature Award : Louise Gluck
• Peace award : United Nations World Food Program
• Economic Award : Paul Milgrom,Robert Butler Wilson

The event of fiction

• 5 month - California Institute of TechnologyCCCP-NASA-ESAJacqueline Carnot and others at the Center for Space Studies, CCCP-ESAeclipticOutside the planeProbe2,300 from Earth, based on data fromAstronomical unitExists in the space ofPulsar(Neutron star) Discover the "dragon egg". (novel"(English edition）])^[129]
• June-NASA mannedMars exploration vessel"Mars 1" launches to Mars. (movies"Mission to mars])^[130]
• On July 7th, former General Manager Sawai TPC visited Mars for the second time to attend the second atmospheric remodeling system start-up ceremony.Super GUTS member Asuka Shin heads to Mars for an escort mission and engages with Neo Dalambia II.At that time, the police officer special forces Black Buster finds out that he is the true identity of Ultraman Dyna. (TV drama"Ultraman Dyna])
• October-Voyager Pictures' crew on board the landing vessel Konstantin ZiolkowskiMarineris Canyon systemFirst human landing on Mars at the western end. After that, Dr. S. G. Jeffries, a member of the unit,Chandler ValleyDiscover a silvery pyramid built by an alien on the outskirts of. (novel"")^[131]
• For the first time artificially in the laboratory特異 点Is created. (novel"(English edition）])^[132]
• United NationsAventur-class sublight exploration vessel UNSS "Lewis and Clark" during earth-saturn explorationSaturn moonでExtraterrestrial intelligent lifeDiscover the traces that suggest the existence of. ("ス タ ー ト レ ッ ク"series)^[133]
• Equipped with human genetic information, etc. jointly organized by the North American Space Development Agency (NASDO) and China/JapanAutomatic interstellar probe"KuWa"In-in" near the solar systemHabitable planetStart to search. (novel"The voyage to the break])^[134]
• A space fleet led by android "Zelda" destroys NASA's Mars base and occupies Mars. Next, the Earth Defense Force Terra Hawks confronts Zelda and others who are planning to invade the Earth. (Special effects TV program "Earth Defense Force Terra Hawks])^[135]
• BritishWalesIndigenous peopleSailrianAwakens. (TV drama"Doctor Who])
• The North Atlantic Space Organization (NASO)-led "Orion Mission" on the spacecraft "Orion"TitanAnd contacted the mechanical intelligence "Taloid" living in Titan in the Titan desert "Merakasain wilderness". (novel"Commander of the Creator])^[136][137]
• An unmanned interstellar probe from the United States Aerospace AgencyBernard starThrough the system,Gas giant planet"Gargantua"Double planetDiscover "Roche World". Make sure the atmosphere and liquid are present in Roche World. (novel"(English edition）])^[138]

footnote

注 釈

Source