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Vitamin E has strong antioxidant power and can be expected to help reduce the risk of arteriosclerosis.
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Vitamin E
| α-tocopherol | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Molecular weight | 430.79 |
| CAS Registry Number | 59-02-9 |
| Melting point | 3 ° C |
| Boiling point | 235 ° C |
Vitamin E(Vitamin E) isFat-soluble vitaminsIs a kind of.TocopherolAlso called (tocopherol), especiallyD-α-tocopherol is widespread and universal in natureplant,Algae, Blue-green algae, etc.photosynthesisSynthesized by living organisms.Medicine,Food,feedEtcdiseasetreatment of,NutritionReplenishment,Food additive OfAntioxidantIt is widely used as.
The cyclic part of the structure of vitamin E is a trivial name.ChromaneIt is a structure called. Attach to this romaneMethyl groupIt is classified into different types of tocopherols depending on the position and presence of.Human capitalThen.D-α-tocopherol has the strongest activity, mainlyAntioxidantIs believed to work as. Its role as an antioxidantmetabolismCaused byFree radicalsIt is to protect the cells from.
History
1922/ToThe United States of America OfWith (Herbert M. Evans)Discovered by (Katharine S. Bishop).
Construction
Tocopherol is a methylated derivative of tocol. The annular part in the structure is a trivial nameChromaneIt is a structure called, and it is attached to this chromanMethyl groupThere are four types, α, β, γ, and δ, depending on the position and presence of. In addition, tocotrienols, which have a large number of double bond portions in the hydrocarbon chain portion of tocopherol, also have activity as vitamin E. TocotrienolsRice oilIt is abundant in vitamins, etc., and shows the same level of antioxidant power in vitro as compared to tocopherol, but 40-60 times higher antioxidant power in cells.[1].. Oral ingestion of tocotrienols in vivostrokeBelieved to prevent related cerebrovascular accidents[2].
The structures of tocopherol and tocotrienol are shown below.
The substitution position of the methyl group and the activity ratio of tocopherol are as follows.
| Derivative | R1 | R2 | R3 | Activity ratio |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| α | CH3 | CH3 | CH3 | 100 |
| β | CH3 | H | CH3 | 40 |
| γ | H | CH3 | CH3 | 10 |
| δ | H | H | CH3 | 1 |
Features
Vitamin E becomes a vitamin E radical by eliminating free radicals, and prevents the chain oxidation of lipids by free radicals. The generated vitamin E radicalsVitamin CSuch asAntioxidantRegenerated to vitamin E[3]
Free radicalsDNA,proteinBy attackinggunIt can also be the cause ofLipid peroxidationByLipidIn a chainOxidationIs supposed to be[4].
Intake standards
In the past, the required amount was displayed as α-tocopherol equivalent (mgα-TE), butMinistry of Health, Labor and WelfareThe 2010 version of the dietary intake standard established by stipulates a standard intake (AI) and an upper tolerable upper intake level (UL) of α-tocopherol alone. Since most of the vitamin E homologues present in blood and tissues are α-tocopherols, we have established dietary intake standards for vitamin E using only α-tocopherols as an index.[5].
- Standard amount
- Adult male (18-29 years) 7 mg / day
- Adult female (18-29 years old) 6.5 mg / day
- Maximum amount
- Adult male (18-29 years) 800 mg / day
- Adult female (18-29 years old) 650 mg / day
* Vitamin E 1 mg = 1 IU (International unit) Is converted to.
Foods containing a lot
Foods high in vitamin E are:
- Sunflower oil(Sunflower oil),Cottonseed oil,Safflower oil(Safflower oil),Rice bran oil,Corn oilSuch asgreaseclass
- Almond,Peanut,soySuch asNutsclass
- caviar,How much,FishSuch asfish eggsclass
- Blue fish
- mayonnaise
| Food name | α-tocopherol | β-tocopherol | γ-tocopherol | δ-tocopherol |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sunflower oil (High oleic) | 38.7 | 0.8 | 2.0 | 0.4 |
| Cottonseed oil | 28.3 | 0.3 | 27.1 | 0.4 |
| Safflower oil (High oleic) | 27.1 | 0.6 | 2.3 | 0.3 |
| Rice bran oil | 25.5 | 1.5 | 3.4 | 0.4 |
| Corn oil | 17.1 | 0.3 | 70.3 | 3.4 |
| Rapeseed oil | 15.2 | 0.3 | 31.8 | 1.0 |
| Soybean oil | 10.4 | 2.0 | 80.9 | 20.8 |
| Palm oil | 8.6 | 0.4 | 1.3 | 0.2 |
| olive oil | 7.4 | 0.2 | 1.2 | 0.1 |
| Sesame oil | 2.4 | 0.6 | 58.6 | 4.6 |
| Flaxseed oil | 0.5 | 0 | 39.2 | 0.6 |
| Sesame Oil | 0.4 | Tr | 43.7 | 0.7 |
Deficiency
Premature babyAtHemolytic anemia,Deep senseIt is known to cause abnormalities and cerebellar ataxia.Biological membraneでActive oxygenIf there isLipid peroxidationByLipid peroxideIs generated in a chain, the membrane is damaged,Red blood cellThen.HemolysisBiological membrane dysfunction occurs, such as[7][Reliability required verification]. Also,infertility,Muscle atrophyDisease,EncephalomalaciaIt is said to causeVegetable oilIt is said that it will not be deficient in a normal diet because it is abundant in.
Idiopathic vitamin E deficiency
Vitamin E deficiency has relatively constant clinical symptoms regardless of cause. In some cases, it is almost indistinguishable from neurological symptomsRetinitis pigmentosaThe difference is that it is accompanied by. Basic neurological symptoms are deep and marked deep sensory deficits in the lower extremities, posterior ataxia,DysarthriaAnd the disappearance of the limb tendon reflex. Deep sensory deficits are severe, vibration sensation disappears, and limb joint position sensation is severe. In some patients, retinitis pigmentosa,Babinski sign, Admit tremor.Intellectual disability,Nystagmus, No fasciculations, no autonomic symptoms. HeadMRIThen.cerebellum,BrainstemNo atrophy or abnormal signal area is observed. On spinal cord MRISpinal cordAbnormality may be observed in. Electrophysiological findings show that the median nerveSEPIn N13, the disappearance of cortical potential is observed, but the potential of peripheral nerves is observed. The treatment method is intramuscular injection of vitamin E when malabsorption is accompanied, and when it is not malabsorption, mild oral improvement of neurological symptoms and cessation of progression can be expected.
Excess disease
If taken in excess, bones will be lost and brittleOsteoporosisThe results of animal experiments have been reported to increase the risk of becoming. Excessive intake is not recommended because it is fat-soluble and easily accumulates in the body.[8].
Effect
- Basic research
radiationBy irradiation ofRed blood cellA hemolytic reaction occurs in theActive oxygenThis is due to the destruction of the membrane due to the reaction of lipid peroxidation. In studies using rats, administration of vitamin E caused hemolysis of red blood cells by radiation andOrganelleIsMitochondria, Microsome,RibosomeThe lipid peroxidation reaction was significantly suppressed.SODShowed a similar effect[9].
Interaction
- There is an interaction between Vitamin E and Vitamin K1 (phylloquinone), which reduces the amount or activity of Vitamin K1 in the body.
Source
- ^ Taniguchi, Hashimoto, Hosoda et al. 2012, pp. 301–318.
- ^ Khanna S, Roy S, Slivka A, et al 2005, pp. 2258–64.
- ^ Plain 1994.
- ^ Toshikazu Yoshikawa, Toru Tanikawa (1999). "Chemistry and biology of active enzymes and free radicals XNUMX Active oxygen, free radicals and diseases". Chemistry and biology (Japan Society for Bioscience and Biotechnology) 37 (7): 475-481. two:10.1271 / kagakutoseibutsu1962.37.475. ISSN 0453-073X. NOT 130003439797.
- ^ Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare"Japanese dietary intake standards (2020 version)The report of the formulation study group is# ReferencesAs of.
- ^ Seventh Edition Standard Tables of Food Composition 2015.
- ^ Vitamin nutrition Class materials added on June 2006, 06
- ^ “Vitamin E, a popular supplement that may cause osteoporosis due to overdose”. 47 NEWS(July 2012, 3) 2012/3/4Browse.
- ^ Aono, Yamamoto, Iida et al. 1978.
References
- By year of issue
- Kaname Aono, Michio Yamamoto "Consideration on the involvement of superoxide generating system (O〓), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and vitamin E in radiation injury"Okayama Medical Society Magazine," Vol. 90, No. 9-10, 1978, pp. 1297-1308, two:10.4044 / joma1947.90.9-10_1297. Note: The title is "Super Oxide Generating System () And super ... "garbled characters.
- Fumiko Hirahara "Vitamin E and antioxidant"Nutrition Magazine, Vol. 52, No. 4, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, 1994, pp. 205-206."
- Khanna S, Roy S, Slivka A; et al (2005). “Neuroprotective Properties of The Natural Vitamin E α-Tocotrienol”. Stroke 36 (10): 2258-64. two:10.1161 / 01.STR.0000181082.70763.22. PMC 1829173. PMID 16166580.
- Kuji Taniguchi, Hiroyuki Hashimoto, Asao Hosoda and others "Functionality of rice bran-containing ingredients and their improvement"Journal of the Japanese Society of Food Science and Technology, Vol. 59, No. 7, 2012, pp. 301-318, two:10.3136 / nskkk.59.301.
- "Chapter 2 Standard Tables of Food Composition in Japan Excel (Japanese version) — Oils and fats(Xlsx) "Standard Tables of Food Composition in Japan 2015 (2015th revision)" Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, December 12.
- Akira Hishida; Choji Nakamura; Satoshi Sasaki et al.Chapter 2 Details — 1-6 Vitamin §1 Fat-soluble Vitamin (1) Vitamin E (PDF) "" Japanese Dietary Intake Standards (2015 Edition) "Development Study Group Report",Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare, September 2018, pp. 3-176.
Related item
外部 リンク
- Vitamin E commentary -"Health food" safety and efficacy information (National Institute of Health and Nutrition）
- Vitamin E (tocopherol) -Same
- Vitamin E -(Oregon University, Linus Pauling Institute) Japan Micronutrient Information Center:Niigata Pharmaceutical UniversityJoint research project with
- Vitamin E and Skin Health(English) -Same
